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KonaRed Energy Supportive Scientific Research for the Efficacy of Kona Red Coffee Fruit Plant Phenolics-(Chlorogenic Acid and Quinic Acid,) As Anti-oxidant Energy Enhancers
Kona Red Coffee Fruit is a recognized source of several major plant phenolics, including Chlorogenic Acid, Quinic Acid, Ferulic Acid and Caffeic Acid. These phenolic compounds are known as biochemical agents of health and energy support. In this study Kona Red address the activity of these phenolics as they show effectiveness for anti-oxidant, anti-aging, weight loss. This research paper includes several scientific studies and related articles done at universities, hospitals and research centers throughout the world. Each study significantly supports the basis of the profound effect of the plant phenloics found in abundance in Kona Red Coffee Fruit.
Chlorogenic Acid
Chlorogenic acid is a family of naturally occurring organic compounds. These are esters of cinnamic acids and (-)-quinic acid. It is an important biosynthetic intermediate. It also is one of the phenols found in coffee as well as many other plants. This compound, long known as an antioxidant, also slows the release of glucose into the bloodstream after a meal. Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are antioxidants in vitro and might therefore contribute to the prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
Bioavailability of chlorogenic acid is a subject that has been thoroughly studied by several scientific teams. The following two studies detail research into the bioavailability of these phenolic compounds.
Chlorogenic acids from green coffee extract are highly bioavailable in humans. Farah A, Monteiro M, Donangelo CM, Lafay S. J Nutr. 2008 Dec;138(12):2309-15. Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional e de Alimentos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, RJ, Brazil. Chlorogenic acids (CGA) are cinnamic acid derivatives with biological effects mostly related to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Caffeoylquinic acids (CQA) and dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQA) are the main CGA found in nature. Because green coffee is a major source of CGA, it has been used for production of nutraceuticals. The present study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile and apparent bioavailability of CGA in plasma and urine of 10 healthy adults for 8 h after the consumption of a decaffeinated green coffee extract containing 170 mg of CGA. This study shows that the major CGA compounds present in green coffee are highly absorbed and metabolized in humans.
Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans. Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Katan MB. J Nutr. 2001 Jan;131(1):66-71. Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. Chlorogenic acid, an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, is a major phenolic compound in coffee; daily intake in coffee drinkers is 0.5-1 g. Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are antioxidants in vitro and might therefore contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, data on the absorption of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in humans are lacking. We determined the absorption of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in a cross-over study with 4 female and 3 male healthy ileostomy subjects. In such subjects, degradation by the colonic micro flora is minimal and absorption can be calculated as the amount ingested minus the amount excreted in ileostomy effluent. Thus, one third of chlorogenic acid and almost all of the caffeic acid were absorbed in the small intestine of humans. This implies that part of chlorogenic acid from foods will enter into the blood circulation, but most will reach the colon.
Weight loss and Chlorogenic acid Weight Loss is another important area where Chlorogenic acid has also been tested. Several studies confirm the modification of glucose transport and the benefits of Chlorogenic acid both in vitro and in situ via animal and human studies. The following seven studies detail research into the weight loss benefits and mechanisms attributed to Chlorogenic acid.
Applied Food Sciences Announces Weight Loss Benefits to Its Green Coffee Antioxidant Extract.
AUSTIN, Texas--(BUSINESS WIRE)--May 14, 2003 Research shows that chlorogenic acid has significant health benefits including a potential role in weight management. Chlorogenic acid has been proven in animal studies in vitro to inhibit the hydrolysis of the glucose-6-phosphate enzyme in an irreversible fashion. This mechanism allows chlorogenic acid to reduce hepatic glycogenolysis (transformation of glycogen into glucose) and to reduce the absorption of new glucose. In addition, in vivo studies on animal subjects have demonstrated that the administration of chlorogenic acid lessens the hyperglycemic peak resulting from the glycogenolysis brought about by the administering of glucagen, a hyperglycemiant hormone. The studies also confirmed a reduction in blood glucose levels and an increase in the intrahepatic concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate and of glycogen (Herling A.W., Am J Physiol 1998, 274 G1087-93 and Simon, C. Arch Biochem Biophys, 2000, 373 (2) 418-28. In addition, a recently published paper describes chlorogenic acid's potential role in the management of diabetes. This cohort study evaluated coffee consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a relatively large Dutch population. Coffee happens to be one of the primary sources of chlorogenic acid in the human diet. Higher coffee consumption was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, even after adjustments were made for potential cofounders. Furthermore, the risk of type 2 diabetes decreased with higher coffee consumption (Van Dam, et al, 2002 The Lancet 360:1477-78). According to Loretta Zapp, AFS chief executive officer, "GCA alone or in combination with other science-based weight loss ingredients such as chromium and conjugated linoleic acid can provide a means beverage formulators may utilize to create products specifically targeted to those individuals trying to lose or manage their weight."
Coffee acutely modifies gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose tolerance in humans: glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine Kelly L Johnston, Michael N Clifford and Linda M Morgan, From the Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom. Coffee contains a multitude of substances, many of which are potentially biologically active (1), although the main physiologic effects resulting from its consumption are usually ascribed to the presence of caffeine (2). However, coffee is also an extremely rich source of chlorogenic acids (CGA) (3)—an important group of biologically active dietary phenols, the best known of which is 5-caffeoylquinic acid. Differences in plasma glucose, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormone profiles further confirm the potent biological action of caffeine and suggest that chlorogenic acid might have an antagonistic effect on glucose transport. Therefore, a novel function of some dietary phenols in humans may be to attenuate
intestinal glucose absorption rates and shift the site of glucose absorption to more distal parts of the intestine.
The effect of chlorogenic acid enriched coffee on glucose absorption in healthy volunteers and its effect on body mass when used long-term in overweight and obese people. Thom E. J Int Med Res. 2007 Nov-Dec;35(6):900-8. ETC Research and Development, Oslo, Norway The results from a clinical study performed in 12 healthy volunteers with different coffee products glucose show that instant coffee enriched with chlorogenic acid induced a reduction in the absorption of glucose of 6.9% compared with the control. No such effects were seen with normal or decaffeinated instant coffee. In a second, comparative, randomized, double-blind, 12-week study we investigated the effect on the body mass of 30 overweight people, compared with normal instant coffee. The average losses in mass in the chlorogenic acid enriched and normal instant coffee groups were 5.4 and 1.7 kg, respectively. We conclude that chlorogenic acid enriched instant coffee appears to have a significant effect on the absorption and utilization of glucose from the diet. This effect, if the coffee is used for an extended time, may result in reduced body mass and body fat when compared with the use of normal instant coffee.
Absorption and metabolism of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid in the small intestine of rats. Lafay S, Morand C, Manach C, Besson C, Scalbert A. Br J Nutr. 2006 Jul;96(1):39-46, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, 63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France. The absorption and metabolism in the small intestine of chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid), the main phenolic acid in the human diet, and of caffeic acid were studied in rats in order to determine whether chlorogenic acid is directly absorbed or hydrolysed in the small intestine. The present results show that chlorogenic acid is absorbed and hydrolysed in the small intestine. In contrast to numerous flavonoids, absorbed phenolic acids are poorly excreted in the bile or gut lumen. Their bioavailability therefore appears to be governed largely by their uptake into the gut mucosa.
Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation and body weight gain in mice Hiroshi Shimoda , Emi Seki and Michio Aitani Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical Co., Ltd., Research & Development Division, 1 Numata Kitagata-cho, Ichinomiya, Aichi 493-8001, Japan An epidemiological study conducted in Italy indicated that coffee has the greatest antioxidant capacity the commonly consumed beverages. Green coffee bean is rich in chlorogenic acid and its related compounds. The effect of green coffee bean extract (GCBE) on fat accumulation and body weight in mice was assessed with the objective of investigating the effect of GCBE on mild obesity. These results suggest that GCBE is possibly effective against weight gain and fat accumulation by inhibition of fat absorption and activation of fat metabolism in the liver. Caffeine was found to be a suppressor of fat absorption, while chlorogenic acid was found to be partially involved in the suppressive effect of GCBE that resulted in the reduction of hepatic TG level. Phenolic compounds such as neochlorogenic acid and feruloylquinic acid mixture, except chlorogenic acid, can enhance hepatic CPT activity.
Coffee acutely modifies gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose tolerance in humans: glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine Kelly L Johnston, Michael N Clifford and Linda M Morgan From the Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom. Accumulating evidence suggests that certain dietary polyphenols have biological effects in the small intestine that alter the pattern of glucose uptake. Their effects, however, on glucose tolerance in humans are unknown. The objective was to investigate whether chlorogenic acids in coffee modulate glucose uptake and gastrointestinal hormone and insulin secretion in humans. Differences in plasma glucose, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormone profiles further confirm the potent biological action of caffeine and suggest that chlorogenic acid might have an antagonistic effect on glucose transport. Therefore, a novel function of some dietary phenols in humans may be to attenuate intestinal glucose absorption rates and shift the site of glucose absorption to more distal parts of the intestine.
Acute effects of decaffeinated coffee and the major coffee components chlorogenic acid and trigonelline on glucose tolerance. van Dijk AE, Olthof MR, Meeuse JC, Seebus E, Heine RJ, van Dam RM. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jun;32(6):1023-5. Epub 2009 Mar 26 Department of Health Sciences, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Coffee consumption has been associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes. We evaluated the acute effects of decaffeinated coffee and the major coffee components chlorogenic acid and trigonelline on glucose tolerance. Chlorogenic acid and trigonelline reduced early glucose and insulin responses during an oral glucose tolerance test.
Antioxidant metabolism induced by quinic acid. Increased urinary excretion of tryptophan and nicotinamide Pero RW, Lund H, Leanderson T. Phytother Res. 2009 Mar;23(3):335-46. Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Lund University, BMC I:13, Lund, Sweden. For over 50 years, hippuric/quinic acids were believed to have no biological efficacy. Here data are presented to support the hypothesis that quinic acid is not responsible for any efficacy, but rather that quinic acid nutritionally supports the synthesis of tryptophan and nicotinamide in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and that this in turn leads to DNA repair enhancement and NF-kB inhibition via increased
nicotinamide and tryptophan production. Moreover, it is shown that quinic acid is a normal constituent of our diet, capable of conversion to tryptophan and nicotinamide via the GI tract microflora, thus providing an in situ physiological source of these essential metabolic ingredients to humans.
Kona Red White Paper Supportive Scientific Research for the Efficacy of KonaRedTM Coffee Fruit Plant Phenolic- Quinic Acid In Health and Well-being
KonaRed Coffee Fruit is a recognized source of several major plant phenolics, including Quinic. This phenolic compound is known as a biochemical agent of health and healing for major ailments and causes of disease. In this study KonaRed address the activity of this phenolic as it shows effectiveness for anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral. This research paper includes five scientific studies done at universities and research centers throughout the world. Each study significantly supports the basis of the profound effect of the plant phenloic Quinic Acid found in abundance in Kona Red Coffee Fruit. Also presented are the test results from testing done at Brunswick Laboratories indicating the content of Quinic Acid in KonaRed Coffee Fruit Liquid Extract.
Quinic Acid is a crystalline acid obtained from cinchona bark, coffee beans, and other plant products and made synthetically by hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid. This acid is a versatile chiral starting material for the synthesis of new pharmaceuticals. A new medicament for the treatment of influenza A and B strains called Tamiflu has been successfully developed and launched into the market recently.
Anti-viral The following studies elucidates the anti-viral nature of Quinic Acid:
Anti-hepatitis B virus activity of chlorogenic acid, quinic acid and caffeic acid in vivo and in vitro. Wang GF, Shi LP, Ren YD, Liu QF, Liu HF, Zhang RJ, Li Z, Zhu FH, He PL, Tang W, Tao PZ, Li C, Zhao WM, Zuo JP. Antiviral Res. 2009 Aug;83(2):186-90. Epub 2009 May 20. Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China. Chlorogenic acid and its related compounds are abundant plant polyphenols that have a diverse antiviral activity. In this study, HepG2.2.15 cells and duck hepatitis B virus infection model were used as in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate their anti-HBV activity. In the cell model, all the three compounds inhibited HBV-DNA replication as well as HBsAg production. Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid also reduced serum DHBV level in DHBV-infected duckling model. Moreover, the anti-HBV activity of crude extracts of coffee beans, which have a high content of chlorogenic acid, was studied. Both the extracts of regular coffee and that of decaffeinated coffee showed inhibitory effect on HBV replication .
5-Caffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid orally administered suppress P-selectin Expression on Mouse Platelets, Jae B. Park , Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, BHNRC, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA Received 15 February 2008; Abstract: Caffeic acid and 5-caffeoylquinic acid are naturally occurring phenolic acid and its quinic acid ester found in plants. In this article, potential effects of 5-caffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid on P-selectin expression were investigated due to its significant involvement in platelet activation. First, the effects of 5-caffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid on cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes were due to their profound involvement in regulating P-selectin expression on platelets. At the concentration of 0.05 μM, 5-caffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid were both able to inhibit COX-I enzyme activity by 60% (P<.013) and 57% (P<.017), respectively. At the same concentration, 5-caffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid were also able to inhibit COX-II enzyme activity by 59% (P<.012) and 56% (P<.015), respectively. As expected, 5-caffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid were correspondingly able to inhibit P-selectin expression on the platelets by 33% (P<.011) and 35% (P<.018), at the concentration of 0.05 μM. In animal studies, 5-caffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid orally administered to mice were detected as intact forms in the plasma. Also, P-selectin expression was respectively reduced by 21% (P<.016) and 44% (P<.019) in the plasma samples from mice orally administered 5-caffeoylquinic acid (400 μg per 30 g body weight) and caffeic acid (50 μg per 30 g body weight). These data suggest that both 5-caffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid orally administered can be absorbed and suppress P-selectin expression on mouse platelets.
Anti-oxidant The following study elucidates the anti-oxidant nature of Quinic Acid.
Antioxidant metabolism induced by quinic acid. Increased urinary excretion of tryptophan and nicotinamide. Pero RW, Lund H, Leanderson T. Phytother Res. 2009 Mar;23(3):335-46. Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Lund University, BMC I:13, Lund, Sweden.
For over 50 years, hippuric/quinic acids were believed to have no biological efficacy. Here data are presented to support the hypothesis that quinic acid is not responsible for any efficacy, but rather that quinic acid nutritionally supports the synthesis of tryptophan and nicotinamide in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and that this in turn leads to DNA repair enhancement and NF-kB inhibition via increased nicotinamide and tryptophan production. Moreover, it is shown that quinic acid is a normal constituent of our diet, capable of conversion to tryptophan and nicotinamide via the GI tract microflora, thus providing an in situ physiological source of these essential metabolic ingredients to humans.
Anti-aging/ Quinic Acid The following study elucidates the anti-aging nature of Quinic Acid:
Professor Ronald W. Pero and colleagues, while working at the department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University in Southern Sweden, discovered that an ammonium-chelated form of quinic acid halts day-to-day random DNA-damage and enhances DNA repair to such an extent that it may play a major role in combating degenerative disease and the effects of aging.
Neurogenerative Disorders The following study elucidates the Neurogenerative preventive nature of Quinic Acid:
Attenuation of oxidative neuronal cell death by coffee phenolic phytochemicals Eun Sun Choa, 1, Young Jin Janga, 1, Mun Kyung Hwanga, b, Nam Joo Kanga, b, Ki Won Leeb, and Hyong Joo Leea, , Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea Received 2 May 2008; Abstract: Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are strongly associated with oxidative stress, which is induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2). Recent studies suggest that moderate coffee consumption may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect remain to be clarified. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid; CGA), a major phenolic phytochemical found in instant decaffeinated coffee (IDC), and IDC against oxidative PC12 neuronal cell death. IDC (1 and 5 μg/ml) or CGA (1 and 5 μM) attenuated H 2O2-induced PC12 cell death. H2O2-induced nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation were strongly inhibited by pretreatment with IDC or CGA. Pretreatment with IDC or CGA also inhibited the H 2O2 induced cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and downregulation of Bcl-X L and caspase-3. The accumulation of intracellular ROS in H 2O2-treated PC12 cells was dose-dependently diminished by IDC or CGA. The activation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by H 2O2 in PC12 cells was also inhibited by IDC or CGA. Collectively, these results indicate that IDC and CGA protect PC12 cells from H 2O2-induced apoptosis by blocking the accumulation of intracellular ROS and the activation of MAPKs.
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